Council for Ligurian Linguistic Heritage

Ligurian Council

DEIZE

Italian-Ligurian (Genoese) dictionary

esercitare

tr. v.
  1. allenare, mettere alla prova

    exerçitâ [eʒɛrsiˈtaː] ~ [eʒɛrtʃiˈtaː]1,2

    fâ prattica [ˈfaː ˈpratika]

    devi esercitare la tua memoria

    ti devi exerçitâ a tò memöia

  2. praticare

    pratticâ [pratiˈkaː]

    exerçitâ [eʒɛrsiˈtaː] ~ [eʒɛrtʃiˈtaː]1,2

    esercita la medicina

    o prattica a meixiña

Learn more

1. Replacement of -ç- with Italianizing -c-

Today it is quite frequent, especially in informal speech, to replace Genoese forms in -ç- with Italianizing ones in -c-. Thus, for example, the genuine form çentro [ˈseŋtru] “center” is replaced with the Italianism centro [ˈtʃeŋtru], çerto [ˈsɛːrtu] “certain” replaced with certo [ˈtʃɛːrtu], etc. In this dictionary, also in order to promote the recovery of genuine forms, those with -ç- are given, also considering that graphically they do not differ much from those which may occasionally have wider circulation, thus not creating reading difficulties even for those accustomed to the Italianized forms. In line with this approach, it was decided to transcribe and present with -ç- even those forms that in pronunciation, at least historically, presented the realization -[s]- as opposed to -[tʃ]- of Italianizing origin, such as proçesso [pruˈsɛsˑu] “process” as opposed to processo [pruˈtʃɛsˑu] or soçietæ [susjeˈtɛː] “society” as opposed to societæ [sutʃeˈtɛː], even though in general usage the affricate consonant pronunciation has now become standard; the same applies to borrowings from other languages such as biçicletta [bisiˈkletˑa] “bicycle” (< from French bicyclette [bisiˈklɛt]).

2. Replacement of -x- with -s- in word roots

Due to the influence of Italian, many semi-learned Genoese words that etymologically have -x- in their root, in the form in which they are historically attested or in spoken usage (such as analixi <span lanɡ="lij" class="lemma">aˈnaliʒi “analysis”, [crixi <ipaːˈkriːʒi] “crisis”, or exibî [eʒiˈbiː] “to exhibit”), tend to be replaced by a form with -s- (analisi [ˈkriːzi], esibî [eziˈbiː]). In this dictionary these words are generally given in their genuine form; Italianising variants are included only when they have long been attested in written usage as well and are now widespread in speech. Examples of words in which this consonant substitution tends to occur today are analixi [aˈnaliʒi] ~ analisi [aˈnalizi] “analysis”, crixi [ˈkriːʒi] ~ crisi [ˈkriːzi] “crisis”, exibî [eʒiˈbiː] ~ esibî [eziˈbiː] “to exhibit”, exigensa [eʒiˈdʒeŋsa] ~ esigensa [eziˈdʒeŋsa] “requirement”, exitâ [eʒiˈtaː] ~ esitâ [eziˈtaː] “to hesitate”, fixica [ˈfiːʒika] ~ fisica [ˈfiːzika] “physics”, incluxivo [iŋklyˈʒiːvu] ~ inclusivo [iŋklyˈziːvu] “inclusive”, or texi [ˈteːʒi] ~ tesi [ˈteːzi] “thesis”.

Conjugations

exerçitâ

Indicative

Present

  1. mi exerçito
  2. ti t’exerçiti
  3. o/a l’exerçita
  4. niatri exerçitemmo
  5. viatri exerçitæ
  6. liatri exerçitan

Imperfect

  1. mi exerçitava
  2. ti t’exerçitavi
  3. o/a l’exerçitava
  4. niatri exerçitavimo
  5. viatri exerçitavi
  6. liatri exerçitavan

Future

  1. mi exerçitiò
  2. ti t’exerçitiæ
  3. o/a l’exerçitià
  4. niatri exerçitiemo
  5. viatri exerçitiei
  6. liatri exerçitian

Subjunctive

Present

  1. che mi exerçite
  2. che ti t’exerçiti
  3. che lê o/a l’exerçite
  4. che niatri exerçitemmo
  5. che viatri exerçitæ
  6. che liatri exerçitan

Imperfect

  1. che mi exerçitesse
  2. che ti t’exerçitesci
  3. che lê o/a l’exerçitesse
  4. che niatri exerçitescimo
  5. che viatri exerçitesci
  6. che liatri exerçitessan

Conditional

  1. mi exerçitieiva/exerçitiæ
  2. ti t’exerçitiësci
  3. o/a l’exerçitieiva/exerçitiæ
  4. niatri exerçitiëscimo
  5. viatri exerçitiësci
  6. liatri exerçitieivan/exerçitiæn

Imperative

  1. exerçita ti!
  2. exerçitemmo niatri!
  3. exerçitæ viatri!

Past participle

  1. m. s. exerçitou
  2. m. p. exerçitæ
  3. f. s. exerçitâ
  4. f. p. exerçitæ

Gerund

  1. exerçitando

Indicative

Present

  1. mi fasso
  2. ti ti fæ
  3. o/a fa
  4. niatri femmo
  5. viatri
  6. liatri fan

Imperfect

  1. mi fava/faxeiva
  2. ti ti favi/faxeivi
  3. o/a fava/faxeiva
  4. niatri favimo/faxeivimo
  5. viatri favi/faxeivi
  6. liatri favan/faxeivan

Future

  1. mi faiò
  2. ti ti faiæ
  3. o/a faià
  4. niatri faiemo
  5. viatri faiei
  6. liatri faian

Subjunctive

Present

  1. che mi fasse
  2. che ti ti fasci
  3. che lê o/a fasse
  4. che niatri femmo
  5. che viatri
  6. che liatri fassan

Imperfect

  1. che mi fesse
  2. che ti ti fesci
  3. che lê o/a fesse
  4. che niatri fescimo
  5. che viatri fesci
  6. che liatri fessan

Conditional

  1. mi faieiva/faiæ
  2. ti ti faiësci
  3. o/a faieiva/faiæ
  4. niatri faiëscimo
  5. viatri faiësci
  6. liatri faieivan/faiæn

Imperative

  1. fanni ti!
  2. femmo niatri!
  3. viatri!

Past participle

  1. m. s. fæto
  2. m. p. fæti
  3. f. s. fæta
  4. f. p. fæte

Gerund

  1. fando/faxendo
pratticâ

Indicative

Present

  1. mi prattico
  2. ti ti prattichi
  3. o/a prattica
  4. niatri prattichemmo
  5. viatri pratticæ
  6. liatri prattican

Imperfect

  1. mi pratticava
  2. ti ti pratticavi
  3. o/a pratticava
  4. niatri pratticavimo
  5. viatri pratticavi
  6. liatri pratticavan

Future

  1. mi prattichiò
  2. ti ti prattichiæ
  3. o/a prattichià
  4. niatri prattichiemo
  5. viatri prattichiei
  6. liatri prattichian

Subjunctive

Present

  1. che mi prattiche
  2. che ti ti prattichi
  3. che lê o/a prattiche
  4. che niatri prattichemmo
  5. che viatri pratticæ
  6. che liatri prattican

Imperfect

  1. che mi prattichesse
  2. che ti ti prattichesci
  3. che lê o/a prattichesse
  4. che niatri prattichescimo
  5. che viatri prattichesci
  6. che liatri prattichessan

Conditional

  1. mi prattichieiva/prattichiæ
  2. ti ti prattichiësci
  3. o/a prattichieiva/prattichiæ
  4. niatri prattichiëscimo
  5. viatri prattichiësci
  6. liatri prattichieivan/prattichiæn

Imperative

  1. prattica ti!
  2. prattichemmo niatri!
  3. pratticæ viatri!

Past participle

  1. m. s. pratticou
  2. m. p. pratticæ
  3. f. s. pratticâ
  4. f. p. pratticæ

Gerund

  1. pratticando